¹ Gwenfrewi, in English, Winefred, whose sacred well gave the English name Holywell and the Welsh name Treffynnon (homestead+spring) to that site a mile-and-a-half only from where the estuary of the Dee divides the two nations.

² Manannan mac Lir, in Welsh Manawydan mab Llyr, the sea god; moroedd, seas, mor-roithe. Monapia, the name of the Isle of Man in Pliny. Ynys Fôn, un-iss von, O as in vote, the Island of Mona, Anglesey.

³ The elements ‘strath’ and ‘carse’ in Scottish place-names have a correspondence with ystrad, us-trad (vale, flats) and traeth, ae as ah-j-eh (shore, estuary) in Welsh ones.

⁴ Caledonia is sometimes made to mean the Highlands, but here I use it as a synonym for Scotland and in particular for the Southern Uplands, because it was from this southern area that geological deposits of the Ice Age and certain legendary and historical deposits of the sub-Roman age came to Wales. For instance, in spite of medieval pseudo-history, ‘King Cole’ has no relationship with Colchester, but is the Coil hen guotepauc of Harleian MS. 3859 and is to be associated with the district of Kyle in Ayrshire. In 1912 in Camberwell a Miss Williams said to me, ‘On my father’s side I am descended from Coel Hen Godebog’. It is the boast of many old Welsh families.