¹ For the uncovering of the bones of the earliest known South Wallian at the oldest burial-site in Britain we are indebted to the Rev William Buckland, Reader in Geology in the University of Oxford, who made his discovery in 1822, and called it the Red Lady. These remains were in association with those of mammoth and elk and other fauna of Palaeolithic times. It is now established that the skeleton was that of a man about twenty-five years old. He had been buried with rites, in a cerement of powdered red oxide of iron, signifying life; with rods of ivory and wearing ornaments of the same ‘incorruptible’ substance. When this man’s body was committed to the Paviland lime-rock in Gower ten miles or so south-west of Swansea, we can presume that some of his continental contemporaries were engaged upon such works as those which the little French boys and their dog stumbled upon in the Lascaux caves in 1940. Works which have since proved a reassurance to us all, that man, already, 20 to 40,000 years ago, whatever his limitations or capabilities was capable of superb artistry. In some respects we have not again equalled that artistry, let alone surpassed it.